Gum disease: what it is and how to stop it
Gum disease means your gums are inflamed or infected. It starts quietly — usually as gingivitis — and can progress to periodontitis if you ignore it. Left untreated, it can loosen teeth, cause bad breath, and affect your overall health. The good news: most cases are preventable and many are reversible with simple steps.
Symptoms and risk factors
Watch for these clear signs: red or swollen gums, bleeding when you brush or floss, persistent bad breath, gum recession, and loose teeth. Pain isn't always present, so don't wait for discomfort. Common causes include plaque buildup from poor brushing, smoking, diabetes, certain medications, hormonal changes (like pregnancy), and dry mouth. Genetics and age also change your risk.
If you smoke or have diabetes, your body heals slower and infections take hold more easily. Some medicines reduce saliva and let plaque stick more. Even busy schedules or a tired brushing routine can let problems start unnoticed. Regular dental checkups catch early signs before they become serious.
Prevention and daily care
Daily care is simple and effective. Brush twice a day with a soft brush and fluoride toothpaste. Spend two minutes and cover all surfaces. Floss once a day to remove plaque between teeth — that’s where most problems begin. If flossing is hard, try interdental brushes or a water flosser. Replace your brush every three months or sooner if bristles splay.
Rinse with an antimicrobial mouthwash if your dentist suggests it. Cut back on sugary snacks and sticky foods that feed plaque. Stay hydrated to support saliva flow. If you smoke, find help to quit — quitting is one of the fastest ways to lower your risk.
Professional cleanings matter. Even the best home routine can miss hardened plaque (tartar), which only a hygienist can remove. Most people need a cleaning every six months; some need more frequent visits if they have risk factors.
Treatment depends on the stage. Gingivitis often clears with better home care and a professional cleaning. If it reaches periodontitis, treatments range from deep cleaning (scaling and root planing) to medications or minor surgery in advanced cases. Your dentist or periodontist will explain options and follow-up care.
See a dentist right away if you notice bleeding gums that don't stop, pus around teeth, new tooth mobility, or a sudden change in how your bite feels. Early action keeps treatment simpler and saves teeth. Small daily habits plus regular dental visits keep gums healthy and your smile intact.
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